FD-2000/HQ-9 SAM sistem China (China's FD-2000/HQ-9 SAM system (Image fromhttp://chinesemilitaryreview.blogspot.com – think IN pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
Njulaina - Washington bercakap dengan Ankara lebih banyak Turki Cina $ 3.4 bilion di mana kedua-dua negara bersetuju untuk bekerjasama menghasilkan udara jarak jauh dan sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu. Amerika Syarikat mendakwa hasilnya mungkin tidak serasi dengan rangkaian pertahanan NATO yang sedia ada.
Dalam satu langkah yang mengejutkan untuk sekutu NATO yang, Turki mengumumkan pada bulan September ia akan menganugerahkan kontrak pertahanan peluru berpandu baru ke China Precision Jentera Import dan Eksport Corp (CPMIEC).
Firma pertahanan Cina, yang telah dipersetujui oleh Amerika Syarikat untuk pelanggaran dakwaan Iran, Korea Utara dan Syria Akta ‘Non-proliferation’, telah dipilih untuk bekerjasama menghasilkan sistem FD-2000 dengan pakar Turki. CPMIEC mendakwa sistem bukan sahaja berdegup dalam harga, tetapi juga datang dengan kualiti pesaing-pesaingnya - Rusia S-300, Perancis-Itali Eurosam SAMP/T, dan Patriots Amerika.
Sekarang Amerika Syarikat telah mula “perbincangan pakar” dengan Turki mengenai tender pertahanan, menurut Duta Besar Amerika Syarikat Francis Ricciardone yang dipetik oleh Reuters.
“Kami amat bimbang tentang berurusan dengan bakal firma Cina dibenarkan. Ya ini adalah satu keputusan komersial, ia adalah hak kerajaan Turki, tetapi kita bimbang tentang apa yang dimaksudkan untuk bersekutu pertahanan udara,” Ricciardone kepada pemberita pada hari Khamis.
Made in China? US warns Turkey its missile deal with Beijing may be incompatible with NATO . . .
Washington is talking to Ankara over a $3.4 billion Turkish-Chinese deal, in which the two countries agreed to co-produce a long-range air and missile defense system. The US claims the outcome may not be compatible with the existing NATO defense network.
In a surprise move for its NATO allies, Turkey announced in September it was going to award a new missile defense contract to China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corp (CPMIEC).
The Chinese defense firm, which has been sanctioned by the US for alleged violations of the Iran, North Korea and Syria Non-proliferation Act, has been chosen to co-produce the FD-2000 system with Turkish specialists. CPMIEC claims the system not only beats in price, but also comes up to the quality of its rivals – the Russian S-300, the French-Italian Eurosam SAMP/T, and the American Patriots.
Now the US has started “expert discussions” with Turkey regarding the defense tender, according to US Ambassador Francis Ricciardone quoted by Reuters.
“We are very concerned about the prospective deal with the sanctioned Chinese firm. Yes this is a commercial decision, it is Turkey’s sovereign right, but we are concerned about what it means for allied air defense,” Ricciardone told reporters on Thursday.
Imej dari (Image from http://chinesemilitaryreview.blogspot.com – think IN pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
Beliau menambah bahawa Turki adalah berhak kepada “keputusan sendiri selepas meneliti fakta-fakta.” Sebelum ini, Turki memberi isyarat bahawa keputusan itu bukan akhir, dan bahawa ia boleh kembali segera jika kebimbangan sekutunya’ terbukti benar.
Setakat ini, pegawai-pegawai NATO dipetik oleh Reuters berkata ia adalah “pra-matang” untuk mengatakan sama ada teknologi yang dibeli akan mempunyai masalah yang beroperasi dalam NATO Bersepadu Udara dan Sistem Pertahanan Peluru Berpandu.
Walau bagaimanapun, sekutu Ankara telah menyatakan kekecewaan mereka dengan langkah itu, yang datang bulan selepas NATO dikerahkan beberapa bateri Patriot di Turki untuk “melindungi”itu terhadap serangan mungkin dari wilayah Syria.
Tetapi menurut pakar-pakar, Turki mempunyai alasan untuk memilih perjanjian Cina, dan mereka tidak ada kena mengena dengan harga sistem.
Tawaran China memindahkan teknologi reka bentuk untuk Turki adalah faktor penentu dalam keputusan , yang Atilla Sandikli, pengerusi Bilgesam pemikir dan seorang pegawai peringkat tinggi bekas tentera Turki, memberitahu Reuters.
“Satu-satunya sebab mengapa Turki tidak mempunyai mereka [sistem pertahanan udara] sehingga kini adalah kerana mereka mahu mencapai maklumat teknologi dan pengetahuan untuk menghasilkan sistem ini,” kata Sandikli. “Saya rasa pilihan Turki adalah satu mesej kepada sekutu NATO dalam hal ini.”
He added that Turkey is entitled to “its own decision after examining the facts.” Earlier, Turkey signaled that the decision was not final, and that it could back away if its allies’ concerns proved to be true.
So far, NATO officials quoted by Reuters said it was “premature” to say whether the purchased technologies will have problems operating within the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence System.
However, Ankara’s allies have already expressed their disappointment with the move, which comes months after NATO deployed several Patriot batteries in Turkey to “safeguard” it against possible strikes from Syrian territory.
But according to experts, Turkey had its reasons to prefer the Chinese deal, and they had nothing to do with the price of the systems.
China’s offer of transferring the design technology to Turkey was a decisive factor in its decision, Atilla Sandikli, the chairman of think-tank Bilgesam and a former high-level officer in the Turkish army, told Reuters.
“The only reason why Turkey didn’t have them [the air defense systems] until now is because they wanted to achieve the technological information and know-how to produce these systems,” Sandikli said. “I think Turkey’s choice is a message to its NATO allies in this sense.”
Laporan media berkata banyak ditangguhkan, 2009-mengumumkan tender pertahanan Turki telah telah mengheret sehingga baru-baru ini kerana Ankara keberatan untuk membeli sistem peluru berpandu dari rak, dan mahu maklumat reka bentuk yang dimasukkan untuk menghasilkan bateri yang ditanam.
Sebagai undang-undang eksport Amerika Syarikat tidak akan membenarkan pemindahan teknologi, tentera gergasi Amerika Raytheon dan Lockheed dilaporkan enggan memasuki apa-apa perjanjian.
Orang Cina, di sisi lain, telah lebih daripada bersedia untuk memberikan maklumat reka bentuk kepada rakan-rakan jualan, dan, menurut Nihat Ali Ozcan, penganalisis di Ankara berasaskan pemikir TEPAV, China dan Turki sudah mula bekerjasama pada jarak dekat sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu.
China sendiri telah menarik di Rusia tahu-bagaimana dan, sebahagiannya, teknologi Barat apabila mereka bentuk sistem sendiri, pakar tentera Rusia telah berkata.
Pengeluar tentera Cina telah dikenali untuk teknologi pertahanan pengklonan, yang membawa kepada pengeluar terkenal seperti Rusia Sukhoi meminta jaminan undang-undang tidak akan ada cubaan untuk meniru model eksport terbaru mereka. Pada masa yang sama, Rusia telah membekalkan beberapa komponen dan teknologi ke China di bawah kontrak awal.
Apabila ia datang kepada sistem FD-2000 bahawa Turki boleh memperolehi, bahan pemasaran Cina dan laporan akhbar menyatakan bahawa peluru berpandu itu, pelancar , radar, kenderaan dan sistem sokongan yang direka dan dibina di China.
Media reports said the much-delayed, 2009-announced Turkish defense tender had been dragging until recently because Ankara was reluctant to purchase missile systems off the shelf, and wanted design information included to produce home-grown batteries.
As US export laws would not allow technology transfer, American military giants Raytheon and Lockheed reportedly refused to enter such a deal.
The Chinese, on the other hand, have been more than willing to provide design information to its sales partners, and, according to Nihat Ali Ozcan, analyst at Ankara-based think-tank TEPAV, China and Turkey have already started to co-operate on short-range missile defense systems.
China itself has been drawing on Russian know-how and, partly, Western technologies when designing its own systems, Russian military experts have said.
Chinese military producers have been known for cloning defense technologies, leading to such renowned manufacturers as Russia’s Sukhoi ask for legal guarantees there will not be attempts to copy their latest export models. At the same time, Russia has been supplying some of the components and technologies to China under earlier contracts.
When it comes to the FD-2000 system that Turkey may acquire, the Chinese marketing material and press reports state that its missiles, launchers, radars, vehicles and support systems are all designed and built in China.
Ia dikatakan berkesan dalam menghalang serangan pesawat berprestasi tinggi, helikopter, pelbagai peluru berpandu, bom berpandu ketepatan, serta kenderaan udara tanpa pemandu (UAV), juga dikenali sebagai pesawat. Pengiklanan pergi bahawa sistem itu juga masih berkesan semasa serangan udara berat dan gangguan elektronik.
Eksport ketenteraan China telah meningkat pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, dengan Institut Penyelidikan Keamanan Stockholm (SIPRI) kedudukan sebagai yang ke-5 terbesar pembekal senjata di DUNIA dalam tempoh 5 tahun hingga 2012. Menurut SIPRI, China telah mengatasi eksport senjata di UK.
Laporan dalam akhbar negeri yang dikendalikan oleh tentera China mencadangkan penjualan sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu ke Turki akan membuka pintu kepada perintah teknologi lebih jauh tinggi dari Barat dan pasaran lain.
It is said to be effective in intercepting high performance strike aircraft, helicopters, a range of missiles, precision guided bombs, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. The advertising goes that the system also remains effective during heavy air strikes and electronic interference.
China’s military exports have been on the rise in the recent years, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) ranking it as the world’s fifth biggest arms supplier in the five years to 2012. According to SIPRI, China has already surpassed the UK’s arms exports.
Reports in China’s state-run military press suggested the sale of the missile defense system to Turkey would open the door to even further high technology orders from the West and other markets.
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